Genetic Algorithm Based Spinning Reserve Dispatching in a Competitive Electricity Market

In the past, power systems were developed to transmit large amounts of power at high voltage from remote generating stations and to distribute power at lower voltage down to millions of small consumers. Power systems rely greatly on ancillary services in maintaining operation security.

•       
  The deregulation of the electric power industry has become a reality
  worldwide and the stated objective is higher economic efficiency and
  lower price of electricity.
•        Ancillary services, spinning reserve must be provided effectively in the deregulated market environment.
•       To achieve total benefit maximization objective each supplier faces a decision-making problem
•       A new market dispatching mechanism has been developed to minimize the ISO’s total payment while ensuring system security.
•       Genetic algorithms are used in the finding of the global optimal solutions for this dispatching problem.

About Author

Harish TV completed his b-tech in electrical & electronics engineering from Vidya academy of science & technology, presently working as assistant engineer On contract basis at 110 kv substation kunnamkulam under kerala electricity board.His interests always leads to the in depth study of motors, generators, of course electrical Machines He always want to work with technology that what he studied

Reconfiguring the electricity system

•       In the past, power systems were developed to transmit large amounts of power at high voltage from remote generating stations and to distribute power at lower voltage down to millions of small consumers.
•       In centralized control supervision was essential.
•       In the present privatized electricity supply industry based on free trading of electricity as a commodity, central control is unwelcome.
•       The new structure would be less centralized and more dispersed.

Motivation for developing new Market

•       Technology advances, changes in political and ideological attitudes, regulatory failures, high tariffs, managerial inadequacy, global financial drives, the rise of new environmentalism, and the shortage of public resources for investment in developing countries, contributed to the worldwide trend towards restructuring.
•       Restructuring encouraged privatization & competition
•       Price is expected to drop but become more volatile. Service may improve as a result of the restructuring.
•       A competitive power industry will provide reward to risk takers and encourage the use of new technologies and business approaches.
•       The regulated monopoly scheme was unable to provide new ideas and technologies.
•       Lack of competition also gave electric utilities little incentive to improve service, and in countries such as India and China, the standard services were generally very low.

Competitive electricity market

•       A competitive electricity market is one in which a number of suppliers (generators) are competing to sell their electricity to a number of competing consumers (loads).
•       Competition in generation increases load diversity, thereby reducing the inventory of standby capacity necessary to meet peak loads.
•       Produces at least two additional sources of risk: a more complex pricing structure, and loop flow problems.
•       If decentralized markets introduce additional risk, they have to provide a board array of ways of dealing with it.
•       In general, market offers methods to reduce risk and to price risk so that it can be spread or shared optimally.

Wholesale electricity market

•       A wholesale electricity market exists when competing generators offer their electricity output to retailers.
•       Multiple products that may not be very distinctive from one another are being traded over multiple time periods using several different mechanisms.
•       In competitive power markets, distributed generation (DG)competes with centralized power generation.
•       Market regulations should ensure that DG could act freely within power markets, similar to centralized generation

Advantages of competitive electricity market

•       Competitive generation provides a market with in which independent firms compete on the basis of price to sell electricity directly to large industrial consumers, and to supply electricity.
•       A spot market for electricity will develop. The presence of spot market means that less idle capacity must be maintained in order to provide a given level of service reliability.
•       The market will provide an array of service standards that more closely match consumer preferences.
•        Innovation

Spinning reserve

•       Spinning reserve is the ability of an on-line generator (load) to increase (decrease) its output (consumption) in a short period of time.
•       Generators have to reserve a certain amount of their capacity in order to bid in reserve markets.
•        Non- spinning reserve has a relatively higher price than spinning reserve market.
•       For maintenance of system security, the Independent system operator (ISO) has to purchase a certain amount of both reserves.

Independent system operator

•       ISO is a neutral entity responsible for maintaining the instantaneous balance of the grid system.
•       Performs its function by controlling the dispatch of flexible plants to ensure that loads match resources available to the system.
•       fair and impartial access to the transmission system for all generators, while maintaining the reliable operation.

OPTIMAL POWER FLOW PROBLEM

•       Solving optimal power flow problem is fundamental to the unbundling of transmission costs associated with transmission open access.
•       Deregulated environment of the electricity industry it has more importance.
•       The OPF problem is a highly constrained and large- dimension non-linear optimization problem, which is difficult to solve.
•       Here, Genetic algorithm based optimal power flow problem is presented.

Solution of OPF using Genetic  algorithm

•       Through the use of competition scheme, the individuals in each population compete with each other.
•       The winning individuals form a resultant population, which is regarded as next generation.
•        For optimization to occur, the competition scheme must be such that the more optimal solutions have a greater chance of survival than poorer solutions.
•       The process is terminating by a stopping rule

Application studies

•       The OPF algorithm was applied to the IEEE 30-bus test system.
•       Three sets of generator cost curves were used to illustrate the robustness of the technique.
•        First case considered is where all the curves are quadratic.
•       The other cases are Piecewise Quadratic and Quadratic with Sine components.

 Efficiencies and usefulness of the proposed market

•       Distributed energy will allow improvements in the dispatchability of resources and improve the integrity of the transmission and distribution systems.
•      Identification and use of alternatives to power generation, transmission and systems control will improve load leveling, load management and overall power quality.
•       The system will become more robust in its ability to tolerate natural disasters, suffer less damage and minimize the dependence.
•       Ultimately overall system reliability will improve.

CONCLUSION

•       The complexity of restructured electricity markets essentially forces electricity researchers to resort to computational methods of analysis.
•       The complexity associated with electricity market industry can be minimized,and to achieve maximum social welfare.  
•       Developing algorithms for the successful solution of optimization problems involving mixed collections of equality and inequality constraints